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The Twelfth Century Renaissance, by Christopher Brooke
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- Sales Rank: #2019419 in Books
- Published on: 1976
- Binding: Paperback
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Amazon Customer
Very useful book indeed.
34 of 37 people found the following review helpful.
A Good History of an Intellectually Stimulating Historical Era
By James E. Egolf
Charles Homer Haskins' book titled THE RENIASSANCE OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY is a well written, well researched book that refutes the notion that somehow the years between c. 500-1500 AD were "the Dark Ages." Haskins book is "a must read" for those who have an interest in Medieval History.
Haskins presented an interesting thesis about cultuural/intellectual exchanges prior to the 12th.century(1100s). The book challenged the notion that Medieval Europeans were ignorant and unlearned prior to the Crusades (1096-1291). Haskins argued that there were cultural/intellectual exchanges prior to the Crusades espeacially in Southern Italy. The Byzantines Greeks and Arabic Moslems had trade in this area even after the disintegration of Roman Empire. Haskins suggested that the market place of goods was also a "market place of ideas." Gradually such exchanges and ideas penetrated Northern Europe.
Haskins dicussed early Medieval intellectual centers which were concentrated in the monestaries and cathederal schools. The monestaries were in effect beacons of light and learning. A point that other Haskins and other Medieval historians have made is the intellectual debt that Western Civilization owes to the nameless heroic monks and nuns.
The chaper on the production and publication of books is simply an important part of this book. Haskins gave precise details of how the monks hand copied books including the Ancient Clasics and the Bible. He commented that writing/hand copying books was "a labor of love." The monks believed that every word, sentence, and page meant the forgiveness of sins. There is an anecdote whereby one monk wrote one more word than he committed his sins which led to his salvation. The work of book production was so important that those monks who did such work were relieved of physical labor. Often groups of scribes would collaborate to get a book finished, and when the book was finished, there was celebration and a feast. The value of books was very dear. Haskins provided and example whereby in 1043, the Bishop of Barcelona gave a house and land for two books. Books were indeed valuable. The notion that anti-Catholics use that the Catholic authorities did not want people to read the Bible is ludicrous. Haskins stated that Bibles were chained in the cathederals and monestaries to prevent theft. These Bibles were chained to insure their continued use rather than any attempt to restrict their use. Readers must know that just how hard book production was and the arduous efforts involved in such publication efforts.
The teachers and students were also involved in reviving and enhancing the Latin Classics and the Latin language. One must know that the Latin language was the universal language of all teaching, learning, and the Catholic Church. The Latin classics and translations of Greek literature was at first read and learned for moral instuction. Gradually such learning was done for the joy of great literature. While some Catholic authorities were cautious of such learning from pagans, the decision was made to encourage such learning because Catholic authorities did not want ignorant priests and monks.
The introduction of Aristotle's philosophy was an interesting part of this book. Church authorities were concerned of Aristotle's influence corrupting the Catholic Faith. While there were offical restrictions on teaching and learning of Aristotle in the Medieval schools, these were never rigidly enforced. By 1255, such restructions were abondoned. While the Latin Classics were never abandoned, they were reduced in importance by the introduction of Aristotle's logic and dialectic. Haskins cited a Medieval work about the War Between the Liberal Arts and Logic in which Logic won.
The section of the revival of the study of law was also informative. The Medieval Canon Law jurists not only revived Roman Law and developed Canon Law, the Catholic Canon Law jurists developed a "scientific legal system." Roman Law was viewed with suspicion in Medieval England, and Henry II (1154-1189)tried to eliminate such studies. Haskins was very specific to explain that improved studies in Law began in Italy and preceeded Gratian's exhaustive work which was produced c. 1140.
One must ask how so much learning that was written in Greek and Arabic became available in the Latin West. Haskins gave a detailed explanation of the translators who did the translations to make Greek and Arabic knowledge available in the Latin West. Such work must have been taken seriously. Historians have combed a monastary that existed c 1140. Historians discovered texts written in Arabic, Greek,and Hebrew. This undermines the notion that somehow the monks were ignorant and unlearned men.
The chapter on translators was logically followed by the revival of studies of philosophy which became "the handmaid of theology." As one might expect that while there serious studies of Plato's DIALOGUES, Aristotle's philosophy dominated philosophical studies. Yet Haskins made clear, Aristotle could be just as mystical as Plato.
The chapter on universities is thorough. One can glean this topic by reading Haskins book THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES which this reviwer has previously reviewed. Haskins undermined the notion that everyone was forced to think the same which is simply not true. Rarely did the Catholic authorities interfere, and Medieval teachers and students thought of themselve intellectually free. An important part of Medieval teaching and learning was the debates which, according to sources, were lively and spirited. For example, Peter Abelard (1079-1142)wrote a university text titled SIC ET NON (YES AND NO)in which he showed students the apparent contradictions of the Bible, Church Fathers, Catholic Church councils, etc. Abelard did not resolve these apparent contractions, and he used this text to have his students logically resolve these problems. Abelard was never admonished for this book. Further examination of Medieval universities can be learned from the above mentioned book.
Haskins book is a good comparison and contrast of contemporary learning and teaching. Compared to totalitarian regimes and their control over education, this book is refreshing antidote. One must also consider the childish and nonsensical political correct atmosphere of most U.S. unversities which discourages intelligent debate and exchange. Medieval universities encouraged intense learning and debate which was "uninhibited, robust, and wide open." One wonders which age was the "Dark Ages" when comparing the two concepts of teaching and learning. Contemporaries can read and enjoy this book if only as an escape from what many try to pass off as education.
60 of 64 people found the following review helpful.
The Premier Book of Early Middle Ages Research
By A Customer
Despite its age, this book is still the premiere piece fo scholarship on the Twelfth Century. The late Harvard professor Haskins was a master at presenting detailed, insightful research in an easy, accessible manner. Everyone, from the average reader to the advanced researcher will be greatly satisfied with this erudite work.
In this book, which he did throughout all of his career, he presents history in the broader sense: history that is flowing and morphic, not static and pigeonholed. He believed that breaking history up into little arbitrary units of measure, like the century or a decade, while convenient, led to unrealistic expectations of periods or breaks between events, eras, and cultures. History for Professor haskins was very much alive and could not be contained for our convenience, hence it overflowed our self-imposed boundaires, and events which occurred in one era, had their origins far back in time and their ramifications felt far forward in time. Nothing is encapsulated and cut off from the rest of time.
The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century is a very important book, because it recaptures the early Middle Ages from the dustbin of Dark Ages ignorance where all the centuries after the Fall of Rome and the better known Italian Renaissance of the 15th Century are thrown. It proves that scholarship and learning were vigorous, that the liberal arts flourished in towns, cathedrals, monasteries, and the newly founded universities (which is covered much more fully in his book The Rise of the Universities), and therein lay the expansion of the earlier Carolingian scholarship, the salvation of the Latin classics and laws, and rediscovery of Greek philosophy, literature, and sciences, and the influx of Arabic learning that was so influential in the later eruption of learning that led to the greater Renaissances and modern times. He proves however, that there were local origins of learning and that the arts grew very much out of their own cultural bedrocks. These were not ignorant scribes only copying work from far away and a millennia before, but intelligent and resourceful scholars who bettered themselves and their times.
Haskins is a master historian and this book remains a classic of the genre.
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